Cálculo de funciones de dispersión de punto óptico en humanos

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos <br /> <br /> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Hay un renovado interés en el papel de la óptica de la visión humana. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Al mismo tiempo ha habido avances que permiten la medición estandarizada de rutina de las aberraciones de frente de onda del ojo humano. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Métodos computacionales se han desarrollado para convertir estas mediciones a una descripción de la función visual humana punto de propagación óptica (PSF), y para calcular de esta manera la imagen de la retina. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Sin embargo, las herramientas para poner en práctica estos cálculos para ciencias de la visión no están ampliamente disponibles o ampliamente entendido. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">En este informe se describe el software para calcular el PSF óptica humana, y discutimos las restricciones y limitaciones.</span></span></span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span> <br /> <div id="p-2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Vision comienza con una imagen de la retina formada por la óptica del ojo.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Muchos aspectos importantes del rendimiento visual, tales como agudeza y sensibilidad de contraste, son altamente dependiente del estado de la óptica visuales. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para modelar esta actuación, o la visión espacial de manera más general, debemos ser capaces de calcular la imagen en la retina una imagen de origen dado y un determinado estado de la óptica del ojo (Watson y Ahumada, para </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-30" id="xref-ref-30-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2008</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ,</span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-29" id="xref-ref-29-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2012</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ).</span></div> <div id="p-3" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La forma del error de frente de onda en la pupila de salida define el rendimiento óptico de cualquier sistema óptico, incluyendo el ojo humano (Goodman, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-12" id="xref-ref-12-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2005</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ).</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Este error se suele describir como una colección de aberraciones de frente de onda, y métodos estandarizados para describir estas aberraciones se han desarrollado (Thibos, Applegate, Schwiegerling, y Webb, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-23" id="xref-ref-23-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2002</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La función de error de frente de onda (comúnmente "aberración de frente de onda") sobre la pupila se caracteriza como la suma de un conjunto de polinomios de Zernike ponderados</span></span><span class="disp-formula" id="disp-formula-1" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Fórmula" class="graphic" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/embed/graphic-1.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">, donde </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">x</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> 'y </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">y</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> 'describen las coordenadas en relación con el centro de la pupila y normalizado por el radio de la pupila. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Cada polinomio </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> es indexado por una orden </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">n</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> y una frecuencia </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">m</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> . </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La colección de pesos, o los coeficientes de Zernike</span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , generalmente expresada en micrómetros, sirven como la descripción uniforme de las aberraciones.</span></div> <div id="p-4" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Las aberraciones de frente de onda se pueden utilizar para calcular la función de dispersión óptica (PSF; Dai, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-10" id="xref-ref-10-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2008</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Goodman, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-12" id="xref-ref-12-2" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2005</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Mahajan, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-15" id="xref-ref-15-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2013</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para hacerlo, primero definimos el valor complejo-función pupila generalizada </span></span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">g</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ,</span><span class="disp-formula" id="disp-formula-2" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Fórmula" class="graphic" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/embed/graphic-2.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La función real </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">p</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> es la función de la pupila que describe la transmisión a través de la pupila. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Puede ser definido como 1 en el área de la pupila y 0 en otras partes, pero también puede ser usado para describir la transmisión variable como una función de la posición (apodización), como debido al efecto Stiles-Crawford (Atchison y Scott, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-3" id="xref-ref-3-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2002</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Metcalf, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-17" id="xref-ref-17-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1965</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Stiles y Crawford, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-22" id="xref-ref-22-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1933</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ).</span></div> <div id="p-5" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El PSF para la luz incoherente se da entonces por el módulo al cuadrado de la transformada de Fourier de la función de la pupila generalizada,</span><span class="disp-formula" id="disp-formula-3" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Fórmula" class="graphic" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/embed/graphic-3.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></div> <div id="p-6" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Equipado con el PSF es entonces posible calcular la imagen de la retina </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">R</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ( </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">x</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">y</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) como la convolución de la imagen de origen </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">s</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ( </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">x</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">y</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) y la PSF,</span><span class="disp-formula" id="disp-formula-4" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Fórmula" class="graphic" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/embed/graphic-4.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></div> <div id="p-7" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Estos principios básicos relativos aberraciones de frente de onda a la PSF son bien conocidos (Dai, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-10" id="xref-ref-10-2" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2008</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Goodman, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-12" id="xref-ref-12-3" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2005</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Mahajan, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-15" id="xref-ref-15-2" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2013</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) y se introdujeron primero en el cómputo de las imágenes de la retina por Artal ( </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-1" id="xref-ref-1-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1990</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Métodos para ampliar los coeficientes de Zernike de un tamaño de la pupila a otro fueron desarrollados por Schwiegerling ( </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-21" id="xref-ref-21-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2002</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) y refinadas por otros (Bara, Arines, Ares, y Prado, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-4" id="xref-ref-4-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2006</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Dai, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-9" id="xref-ref-9-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2006</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Díaz, Fernández-Dorado, Pizarro, y Arasa, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-11" id="xref-ref-11-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2009</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Janssen y Dirksen, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-13" id="xref-ref-13-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2006</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Mahajan, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-14" id="xref-ref-14-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2010</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Métodos para calcular el PSF policromática de datos monocromáticos También se han desarrollado (Artal, Santamaría, y Bescós, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-2" id="xref-ref-2-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1989</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Coe, Bradley, y Thibos, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-7" id="xref-ref-7-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2014</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Marcos, Burns, Moreno-Barriusop, y Navarro, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-16" id="xref-ref-16-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1999</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Ravikumar, Thibos, y Bradley, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-20" id="xref-ref-20-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2008</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ; Van Meeteren, </span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-26" id="xref-ref-26-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1974</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ).</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 19.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span><br /> <div id="p-8" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">En este informe se describe el software para calcular PSFs ópticos humanos de las mediciones de las aberraciones del frente de onda. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El software está escrito en el lenguaje de programación Mathematica (Wolfram Research, Inc., </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-31" id="xref-ref-31-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2013</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El software, en forma de un cuaderno de Mathematica, se proporciona como un suplemento de este informe. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">También ofrecemos en el cuaderno de una base de datos de las aberraciones del frente de onda de 200 ojos jóvenes sanos (Thibos, Hong, Bradley, y Cheng, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-24" id="xref-ref-24-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2002</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Por último también ofrecemos una </span></span><a href="http://www.journalofvision.org/site/misc/cdf/JOV-15.2.26.html" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">demostración</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">que ilustra los efectos de la selección de parámetros de cálculo de la PSF. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Estos</span></span>archivos complementarios<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> se pueden ver con el jugador Wolfram CDF libre (</span><a href="http://www.wolfram.com/cdf-player/" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.wolfram.com/cdf-player/</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ).</span></div> <div id="p-8" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div> <div id="p-8" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div> <h2 class="" style="background-color: cornflowerblue; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 15pt; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 2pt 0px 1pt 3pt; text-indent: 3pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Un ejemplo</span></h2> <div> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /> <div id="p-9" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para motivar a los acontecimientos posteriores, ofrecemos un breve ejemplo de la utilización de este software. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Comenzamos con una lista de 12 coeficientes de Zernike,</span></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div id="p-10" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">zc = {{2,−2,−0.0946},{2,0,0.0969},{2,2,0.305},{3,−3,0.0459},{3,−1,−0.121},{3,1,0.0264},{3,3,−0.113},{4,−4,0.0292},{4,−2,0.03},{4,0,0.0294},{4,2,0.0163},{4,4,0.064}};</span></span></span></kbd></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div id="p-11" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Calculamos un PSF,</span></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div id="p-12" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">PSF = ZernikePointSpread [zc];</span></span></span></kbd></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <div id="p-13" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Tenemos una imagen de la letra "E" en la fuente Sloan con una altura de 10 minutos de arco, que corresponden a la agudeza de 20/40.</span></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div id="p-14" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ImagePlot [letra]</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-14" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></kbd></div> </span><br /> <div class="fig-inline" style="background-color: white; border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); color: #403838; float: left; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-stretch: normal; height: auto; margin: 1em 5px 1em 10px; outline-style: none; padding: 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 225px;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /> <div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="fig-inline-link" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/F1.expansion.html" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/F1.small.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" /></a></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div class="callout" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /> <h3 style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Mathematica cuadernos, de entrada y de salida</span></span></span></h3> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px; text-align: justify;"></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <div id="p-22" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Código de Mathematica normalmente existe en los portátiles, que son documentos digitales tanto como un archivo de procesador de textos. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Entrada Mathematica lo general consiste en expresiones escritas. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Cuando se evaluó (mediante Shift-Enter), la salida se compone de números impresos, expresiones, gráficos, u otras acciones. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Aquí mostramos entrada como texto en negrita de mensajería, y la salida impresa como correo normal.</span></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div id="p-22" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div> <h3 style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Listas</span></span></h3> <div id="p-23" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">En Mathematica listas están encerrados por llaves. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Las matrices se representan mediante listas de listas. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Arrays utilizan "fila importante" ordenamiento, es decir, cada sublista es una fila. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Aquí está un ejemplo de una matriz con dos filas cada uno de los tres elementos.</span></span></div> <div id="p-24" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">array = {{0, 0,25, 1}, {0,5, 1, 0,3}};</span></kbd></div> <div id="p-25" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Un valor dentro de una matriz se especifica mediante la indexación de su fila y columna.</span></div> <div id="p-26" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">array [[1,2]]</span></kbd></div> <div id="p-22" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px;"></span></span></div> <div id="p-27" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </kbd><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">0.25</kbd></div> <div id="p-27" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></kbd></div> <h3 style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Funciones puras</span></span></h3> <div id="p-28" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Hacemos uso frecuente de una unidad de programación Mathematica conocida como función pura. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Esto permite la construcción de una función temporal a partir de componentes existentes. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Se indica mediante una </span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">y</kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> al final de una expresión y una variable ficticia se denota por </span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">#</kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> . </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">En este ejemplo</span></span></div> <div id="p-29" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">(# + 2) y [7]</span></kbd></div> <div id="p-30" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">9</kbd></div> <div id="p-27" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px;"></span></kbd></div> <div class="flush" id="p-31" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">la pura función sólo se suma 2 a su argumento.</span></div> <div class="subsection" id="sec-7" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <h3 style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Imágenes</span></span></h3> <div id="p-32" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Imágenes están representados aquí por bidimensional (2-D) matrices rectangulares de números, expresados ​​como matrices de Mathematica, como se describe anteriormente. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Adoptamos la convención de que la primera fila es la parte inferior de la imagen, y que las dimensiones se dan en el orden {ancho, alto}.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para asignar de coordenadas de píxeles de grados de ángulo visual, una imagen también tiene una resolución visual implícita, en horizontal y vertical píxeles / grado. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El tamaño implícita {anchura, altura en grados} es el producto de las dimensiones en píxeles y la resolución visual. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">En el ejemplo de introducción anterior, {ancho, alto} = {64, 64} {píxeles y ancho, alto} = {1/8, 1/8} grados. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La resolución espacial de la imagen es, pues, de 512 píxeles / grado.</span></span></div> </div> <div class="subsection" id="sec-8" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <h3 style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Imagen DFT</span></span></h3> <div id="p-33" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La Transformada Discreta de Fourier (DFT) de una imagen es también una matriz rectangular, de las mismas dimensiones que la imagen original, en el que cada entrada es un número complejo que representa la magnitud y la fase de un componente de Fourier de la imagen. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Del mismo modo que la imagen tiene una resolución espacial de las muestras / grado, la DFT tiene una resolución espectral de muestras / ciclo / grado. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La resolución espectral es igual al tamaño de la imagen en grados. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La separación unidimensional entre muestras en la DFT es la inversa de la resolución espectral (ciclos / grado / muestra). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Software para calcular la DFT está ampliamente disponible.</span></span></div> </div> <div class="subsection" id="sec-9" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <h3 style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Imágenes Envuelto</span></span></h3> <div id="p-34" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">En correspondencia entre las matrices y la imagen o coordenadas DFT, a menudo es necesario para representar las coordenadas tanto positivos como negativos. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Por ejemplo, el DFT debe representar frecuencias positivas y negativas, y la PSF debe representar coordenadas tanto positivas como negativas con respecto a su centro.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">En tales casos, es común a cambiar (girar o desplazarse o envolver) cada fila y columna para que la muestra correspondiente al origen, o coordinar {0,0}, es el primer píxel de la matriz. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para una dimensión aún, esto significa la rotación a la izquierda por </span></span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">n</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> / 2 donde n es la anchura o altura. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para una dimensión impar, que por medios de rotación ( </span></span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">n </em><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">-</kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> 1) / 2. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Este formato "envuelta" también se espera como entrada, y produce como salida, por la mayoría del software DFT, de modo que el origen se encuentra de forma inequívoca (Voelz, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-27" id="xref-ref-27-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2011</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Proporcionamos el</span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Wrap</span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> función para realizar esta operación.</span></div> </div> <div class="subsection" id="sec-10" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <h3 style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Filtrado de imágenes</span></span></h3> <div id="p-35" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Un filtro óptico puede ser representado por la PSF o por la función de transferencia óptica (OTF), que es el DFT de la PSF. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Filtrado de una imagen se puede conseguir mediante la convolución entre la imagen y la PSF, o por la multiplicación de la imagen DFT y la OTF, seguido de una DFT inversa (Bracewell, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-6" id="xref-ref-6-2" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2003</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El OTF es generalmente compleja. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El valor absoluto o módulo, de la OTF es la función de transferencia de modulación (MTF).</span></span></div> </div> <div class="flush" id="p-31" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div> </span><br /> <div class="subsection" id="sec-11" style="background-color: white; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /> <h3 style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Los coeficientes de Zernike</span></span></span></h3> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div id="p-36" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Nosotros representamos los coeficientes de Zernike para un ojo por una lista de triples de la forma { </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">n</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">m</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">c</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> } donde </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">n</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> es el orden, </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">m</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> es la frecuencia, y </span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">c</em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> es el coeficiente. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Los coeficientes también pueden ser indexados por un único modo de número entero (Thibos, Applegate, et al., </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-23" id="xref-ref-23-2" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2002</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ). </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Esto es útil cuando son coeficientes que ser trazado como una función del modo (ver </span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ZernikeMode</span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> y</span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ZernikePlot</span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> abajo).</span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <div id="p-36" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <h2 class="" style="background-color: cornflowerblue; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 15pt; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 2pt 0px 1pt 3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 3pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Polinomios de Zernike Computing</span></h2> </span><br /> <div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /> </span><br /> <div id="p-37" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Comenzamos con un conjunto de coeficientes de Zernike. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Estos son de derecha ojo # 1 a 6 mm de la base de datos se discute a continuación (</span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ThibosHongBradleyChengData</span></span></span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ;. Thibos, Hong et al, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-24" id="xref-ref-24-2" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">2002</span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ), a partir del orden de 2 a 6 ordenar.</span></span></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><br /> <div id="p-38" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">TestCoefficients</span></span></span></kbd></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span> <div id="p-39" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">{{2, </span></span></kbd><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">−2,−0.0946},{2,0,0.0969},{2,2,0.305},{3,−3,0.0459},{3,−1,−0.121},{3,1,0.0264},{3,3,−0.113},{4,−4,0.0292},{4,−2,0.03},{4,0,0.0294},{4,2,0.0163},{4,4,0.064},{5,−5,0.0499},{5,−3,−0.0252},{5,−1,0.00744},{5,1,0.00155},{5,3,−0.00686},{5,5,0.0288},{6,−6,0.00245},{6,−4,0.00185},{6,−2,0.00122},{6,0,−0.00755},{6,2,−0.000693},{6,4,0.000551},{6,6,−0.0148}}</span></span></kbd></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div id="p-40" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Estos se pueden trazar en contra del modo de índice de un solo número, con la función </span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ZernikePlot</span></span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> .</span></span></div> <h3 style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La imagen de Zernike</span></span></h3> <div id="p-43" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Cada coeficiente de Zernike describe el orden, la frecuencia y magnitud de una sola función de base polinomio de Zernike definida sobre la unidad de pupila. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La imagen de la muestra de un solo polinomio de Zernike se puede calcular con la función </span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ZernikeImage</span></span></span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> .</span></span></div> <div id="p-44" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">zi = ZernikeImage [2, -2, 63,1];</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-40" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px;"></span></span></span></div> <div id="p-45" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Los dos primeros argumentos son el orden y la frecuencia. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El tercer argumento es el radio de la pupila en píxeles. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Este radio puede ser un número real. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Las implicaciones de esta elección se discutirán más adelante, pero en general un valor mayor producirán una mayor precisión. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">El tamaño de la imagen resultante (filas o columnas) de píxeles es </span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">2 de techo [radio]</span></span></span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> . </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Techo devuelve el menor entero mayor o igual a su argumento. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Porque estamos asumiendo pupilas circulares, el resultado es siempre una imagen cuadrada. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Le mostramos la imagen.</span></span></div> <div id="p-45" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div> <div class="fig-inline" style="border: 1px dotted rgb(153, 153, 153); float: left; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-stretch: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 1em 5px 1em 10px; outline-style: none; padding: 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 225px;"> <a class="fig-inline-link" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/F4.expansion.html" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="272" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/F4.small.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a><br /> <div class="callout" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Ver una versión más grande:</span></span></span></div> </div> </span></span></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.8800001144409px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 22.6666641235352px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Tabla de imágenes de Zernike</span></span></h3> <span style="background-color: white; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 16.6399993896484px; text-align: justify;"></span><br /> <div id="p-51" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">También podemos mostrar una tabla de todas las imágenes de Zernike hasta un orden especificado. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">La imagen muestra todas las funciones de base polinomio de Zernike, hasta orden 6, dispuestas por orden y frecuencia.</span></span></div> <div id="p-51" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="fig-inline-link" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/F6.expansion.html" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="192" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/F6.small.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></span></span></div> <div id="p-51" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div> <h2 class="" style="background-color: cornflowerblue; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 15pt; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 2pt 0px 1pt 3pt; text-indent: 3pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Aberración cromática</span></h2> <div> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /> <div id="p-123" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para calcular un PSF policromática que es útil tener una función que describe el desenfoque inducida por la aberración cromática longitudinal. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Hemos puesto en marcha una fórmula publicada (Thibos, Ye, Zhang, y Bradley, </span></span><a class="xref-bibr" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26.full#ref-25" id="xref-ref-25-1" style="border: 0px; color: #581858; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">1992</span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> ) que describe desenfoque en dioptrías en una longitud de onda </span></span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">λ</span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> por ojo en foco a 589 nm,</span></span><span class="disp-formula" id="disp-formula-6" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Fórmula" class="graphic" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/embed/graphic-23.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div class="flush" id="p-124" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Esto se implementa por ChromaticDefocus, como en el siguiente ejemplo.</span></span></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <br /> <div id="p-125" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ChromaticDefocus [500]</span></span></span></kbd></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> <div id="p-126" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> - </span></span></kbd><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">0.53043</span></span></kbd></span></div> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> <div class="flush" id="p-127" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Para un ojo enfocado en </span></span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">λ </span></span></em><sub style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span></span></sub><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , el desenfoque en otras longitudes de onda </span></span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">λ</span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> será</span></span><span class="disp-formula" id="disp-formula-7" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Fórmula" class="graphic" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/embed/graphic-24.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></div> <div class="flush" id="p-128" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Esto se implementa por </span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ChromaticDefocus</span></span></span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , con un segundo argumento de que es la longitud de onda en el foco, como en el siguiente ejemplo,</span></span></div> <div id="p-129" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ChromaticDefocus [500555]</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-130" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> - </span></span></kbd><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">0.357471</span></span></kbd></div> <div class="flush" id="p-131" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Esto se puede convertir en un coeficiente de Zernike de desenfoque en micrómetros por la fórmula</span></span><span class="disp-formula" id="disp-formula-8" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Fórmula" class="graphic" src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/embed/graphic-25.gif" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">donde </span></span><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">p</span></span></em><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> es el diámetro de la pupila en mm. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Esto se implementa por</span></span><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ChromaticDefocusZernike</span></span></span></kbd><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> , como en el ejemplo siguiente</span></span></div> <div id="p-132" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">ChromaticDefocusZernike [500555]</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-133" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> - </span></span></kbd><kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">0.464368</span></span></kbd></div> <div class="flush" id="p-134" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Una trama de esta función se muestra a continuación, con una flecha que marca la longitud de onda en el foco (555 nm).</span></span></div> <div id="p-135" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Parcela [ChromaticDefocusZernike </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">[longitud de onda, 555], {longitud de onda, 400, 700}</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-136" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">  <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">, Epílogo → {Red, Flecha [{{555, -2}, {555, 0}}]}</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-137" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">  <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">, FrameLabel → {"Longitud de onda (nm)", "c </span></span><sup style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">0 </span></span></sup><sub style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></sub><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> (micras) "}</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-138" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">  <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">, GridLines → Automática, evaluar @ ZernikeStyles]</span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-138" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-138" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><img src="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/2/26/F18.medium.gif" /></span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-138" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></kbd></div> <div id="p-138" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <kbd style="border: 0px; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></kbd></div> </span></div> <div id="p-56" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #403838; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

Cálculo de funciones de dispersión de punto óptico en humanos

Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos Hay un renovado interés en el papel de la óptica de la visió...

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Brasil: científicos hallan sustancia de planta amazónica eficaz contra malaria Se trata del 4 nerolidilcatecol (4-NC)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnhDSY17rI5RSW6-gg6qOpLQxSLMis2ttZanGNoYMNZuJjKiFdlbMX4e9STSsrmgyVomPj5khl4U_HBPKqKiDJ-Mm_bsDN6JsqsoVIkWYUHq18vmfi8zVvs9-MFveoCsqpM5QQHvbnuHE/s1600/968919.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnhDSY17rI5RSW6-gg6qOpLQxSLMis2ttZanGNoYMNZuJjKiFdlbMX4e9STSsrmgyVomPj5khl4U_HBPKqKiDJ-Mm_bsDN6JsqsoVIkWYUHq18vmfi8zVvs9-MFveoCsqpM5QQHvbnuHE/s1600/968919.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> Una sustancia extraída de una planta amazónica por científicos brasileños <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">se mostró eficaz para combatir la malaria en pruebas en laboratorio y en experimentos con animales, </strong>informó este martes el gubernamental Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones de la Amazonía (INPA) de Brasil.<br /><br />Se trata del <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4 nerolidilcatecol (4-NC),</strong> una sustancia extraída de la maleza amazónica Piper peltatum, conocida popularmente en los países amazónicos como cordoncillo, santa maría, caisimón o caapeba, según el organismo del Gobierno brasileño dedicado a investigaciones sobre la flora y la fauna de la Amazonía.<br /><br />Un grupo de investigadores del INPA liderado por el farmacéutico Luiz Franciso Rocha realizó en los dos últimos años diferentes pruebas con el compuesto que mostraron que e<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">s eficaz y seguro para matar los parásitos que provocan la malaria.</strong><br /><br />"Creo que en poco tiempo los derivados de esta sustancia podrán estar disponibles para futuras pruebas clínicas (con humanos)", afirmó Rocha citado en un comunicado del INPA.<br /><br />Los resultados de los experimentos serán destacados en un artículo que fue aprobado para su publicación en la próxima edición de la revista científica internacional 'Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy'.<br /><br />La publicación destacará los exitosos resultados de las pruebas realizadas en laboratorio con el 4-NC para combatir culturas con los parásitos que transmiten la malaria, y de experimentos con ratones que mostraron tanto la eficacia como la seguridad del componente.<br /><br />Los experimentos sirvieron para comprobar que <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">la sustancia es efectiva para eliminar tanto el Plasmodium falciparum, el parásito responsable por el forma más grave de la malaria, como el Plasmodium vivax, el responsable por cerca del 70 % de los casos de la enfermedad en el continente americano.</strong><br /><br /><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">El INPA estudia la eficacia de hasta 15 plantas amazónicas con componentes prometedores para el combate a la malaria</strong> y las más exitosas hasta ahora han sido las realizadas con la sustancia extraída de la Piper peltatum, una planta conocida en la Amazonía por sus aplicaciones médicas.<br /><br /><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">La planta ya es usada por poblaciones amazónica en la forma de infusión para tratar malaria,</strong> dificultades de digestión, infecciones en el sistema urinario, fiebre y picadas de insecto, entre otras enfermedades.<br /><br />La malaria o paludismo es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por los protozoos del género Plasmodium, que son transmitidos al hombre por la picada de las hembras del mosquito Anopheles.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> EFE</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> TE PUEDE INTERESAR:</div> </div>

Brasil: científicos hallan sustancia de planta amazónica eficaz contra malaria Se trata del 4 nerolidilcatecol (4-NC)

Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos Una sustancia extraída de una planta amazónica por cientí...

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El Antioxidante Más Poderoso En El Mundo 50 veces mas poderoso que la vitamina E

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY3W4tRdDG1X4i3_A9bXt4vfQV_qxKDxN_RLdmDy5CUWbjQCNxfwp5oe7dHsCuuwJwzIJIV7Sz4yd__yHDjWfXWm0uJewDv6YSNzw3-OxD3_qv2qPt-fro6Nm5hzfqqJLdPh3Ye_kA1fg/s1600/El-Antioxidante-M%C3%A1s-Poderoso-En-El-Mundo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY3W4tRdDG1X4i3_A9bXt4vfQV_qxKDxN_RLdmDy5CUWbjQCNxfwp5oe7dHsCuuwJwzIJIV7Sz4yd__yHDjWfXWm0uJewDv6YSNzw3-OxD3_qv2qPt-fro6Nm5hzfqqJLdPh3Ye_kA1fg/s1600/El-Antioxidante-M%C3%A1s-Poderoso-En-El-Mundo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">Este </span><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">poderoso antioxidante</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;"> fortalece los capilares, las arterias, las venas, las paredes de los vasos sanguíneos, incluyendo las que irrigan el corazón y reduce la hinchazón de las extremidades inferiores.</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;">El </span><strong style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Pycnogenol</strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;"> es el antioxidante más poderoso hoy en día y actúa como protección contra diversas toxinas. Los estudios han demostrado que el Pycnogenol es 50 veces más eficaz que la vitamina E y 20 veces más potente que la vitamina C</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> El estudio muestra que el Pycnogenol se absorbe rápidamente y se distribuye por todo el cuerpo, en tan sólo 20 minutos. Pycnogenol también activa la vitamina C antes de salir del cuerpo.</div> <h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Los efectos positivos de Pycnogenol:</h2> <ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; list-style: square; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce drásticamente el ADD / ADHD</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mejora la elasticidad de la piel</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce la inflamación de la próstata</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce la retinopatía diabética y la neuropatía</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mejora la circulación y la vitalidad de las células</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mejora y previene la formación de las venas varicosas y reduce el riesgo de flebitis</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce los efectos del estrés</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce las reacciones alérgicas</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fortalece los capilares, las arterias, las venas y las paredes de los vasos sanguíneos, incluyendo las que irrigan el corazón.</li> <li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce la hinchazón de las extremidades inferiores</li> </ul> <div> <span style="color: #555555; font-family: Droid Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 23px;">Nota importante siempre lea las contra indicaciones de su uso como prohibido para mujeres embarazadas ,etc.</span></span></div> </div>

El Antioxidante Más Poderoso En El Mundo 50 veces mas poderoso que la vitamina E

Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos Este  poderoso antioxidante  fortalece los capilares, las...

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Nuevo diseño de formato para colocar medidas en consultorios se pone popular entre optometras del Perú

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos <br /> <br /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, 'lucida grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.3199996948242px;">Nuevo diseño de formato para colocar medidas en consultorios de optometría del Perú llama la atención te animarías hacer tus diseños de esta forma Pregunta ¿ El orden de prescripción no altera la medida ? queremos conocer tu comentario.</span><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW00Fzelu9TelWn8afe7sjsEyVREpTmF4Sv_WFRN7NBfxWbCcUtfEBUPbk1o5C0KQJx5KeFyhi92tEtrJFPVYYDf0-EDoXWTtpaYj4CHc7pDBwA3PvS9h9vSBDKD8G570HQepUOWsotlo/s1600/RECETA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW00Fzelu9TelWn8afe7sjsEyVREpTmF4Sv_WFRN7NBfxWbCcUtfEBUPbk1o5C0KQJx5KeFyhi92tEtrJFPVYYDf0-EDoXWTtpaYj4CHc7pDBwA3PvS9h9vSBDKD8G570HQepUOWsotlo/s1600/RECETA.png" width="640" /></a></div> <br /></div>

Nuevo diseño de formato para colocar medidas en consultorios se pone popular entre optometras del Perú

Lentes de contacto optometria oftalmologia lentes de sol lentes oftalmicos Nuevo diseño de formato para colocar medidas en consultorios...

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