PSIO: Gafas anti stress y que estimulan la memoria

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <br /> <h1 class="titu" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 23px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 45px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: initial;"> <br /></h1> <div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> Como cada año en Las Vegas se celebra el CES (Consumer Electronics Show) durante el cual los fabricantes y desarrolladores de productos electrónicos nos muestran las ultimas novedades y cuales serán los productos que en un futuro próximo formaran parte de nuestros hogares y de nuestro día a día.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> Las novedades relacionadas con la visión tienen también su espacio en este salón y es sobre una de ellas sobre lo que hoy os voy a hablar.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> Se trata de unas <strong>gafas que reciben el nombre de Psio y cuya función no es la de permitirnos ver, sino que lo que busca es relajarnos y estimular nuestra memoria</strong>.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> Estas gafas han sido desarrolladas por una empresa belga llamada Link Health & Communication en colaboración con la Universidad de Lieja. El producto es un concentrado de 20 años de I+D y su promesa para los consumidores estresados que se equipen con ellas es relajarles de forma rápida y eficaz.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZMHUgXiRuhDZrhj3Fu_YB-m17H8iDdcjQhud8_P3rkhdLsqjFJeazLKJYHSfikttVLVCaXDIIykF3N7d32zwGUAoLtletf9UIPLcKjOpqhbpZDtywu6CSgX9PxSFPTKCvlqjWSZ1IXQ/s1600/PSIO-lunettes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZMHUgXiRuhDZrhj3Fu_YB-m17H8iDdcjQhud8_P3rkhdLsqjFJeazLKJYHSfikttVLVCaXDIIykF3N7d32zwGUAoLtletf9UIPLcKjOpqhbpZDtywu6CSgX9PxSFPTKCvlqjWSZ1IXQ/s640/PSIO-lunettes.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> Estas gafas cuentan con dos pantallas y unos cascos integrados desde los cuales el sistema difunde, a partir de ficheros MP3 descargables, programas de estimulación audiovisual combinados con sonidos y voces relajantes que se combinan con luces de colores.<br />En este video podréis ver en que consisten estas gafas:</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> </div> egún los creadores de estas gafas: “la estimulación sensorial va permitir que el usuario se calme para acto seguido permitirle reposarse en un estado de total relajación <strong>que hará mucha mas intensa la recuperació</strong>n. Además el uso del equipamiento muestra también beneficios ligados a la estimulación de la memoria y a la capacidad intelectual”. Nada mal ¿verdad amigos?<br /> Algunos datos prácticos para terminar: las gafas cuentan con una batería que les confiere una autonomía de 7 horas y las gafas ya se venden en Internet a un precio de 295 euros.<br /> Web del fabricante: <a href="https://en-euro.psioplanet.com/The-Psio.cfm?rub=84" style="text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank">https://en-euro.psioplanet.com/The-Psio.cfm?rub=84</a><br /> <br /> <br /> </div> </div>

PSIO: Gafas anti stress y que estimulan la memoria

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación Como cada año en Las Vegas se celebra el CES (Consumer Electronics Show...

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¿Esta Bausch + Lomb en venta?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNk07JfW90XEs6Zga3HZBdTs2ko9ZhvlxwzNE9IPGAuxBmHr3WtkYTVpXlXh1nuVFHNzdoJj54D6aJvrx3fd38Vh5U8eSxt7ELaEfU-4beW_HsbbstX7K5JY7J4kXGqwwzVbD4GN1Reko/s1600/Bausch-Lomb-negocio-oftalmologia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNk07JfW90XEs6Zga3HZBdTs2ko9ZhvlxwzNE9IPGAuxBmHr3WtkYTVpXlXh1nuVFHNzdoJj54D6aJvrx3fd38Vh5U8eSxt7ELaEfU-4beW_HsbbstX7K5JY7J4kXGqwwzVbD4GN1Reko/s1600/Bausch-Lomb-negocio-oftalmologia.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> Pues parece ser que si, o al menos eso es lo que se desprende del análisis que hacen medios de comunicación americanos tras el anuncio del fondo de inversión propietario de Bausch según la cual estarían buscando la posibilidad de separarse de esta actividad.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> A mediados de diciembre el fondo de inversión Warburg Pincus anuncio que estaba estudiando la posibilidad de deshacerse de Bausch + Lomb, una empresa que controla desde 2007. Recientemente el sitio Web especializado en temas económicos Bloomberg News volvía a retomar esta noticia y la ampliaba comentando que S<strong>anofi, Johnson & Johnson y Abbot estarían interesados en hacerse con la empresa</strong>.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> Siempre según estas informaciones, una primera ronda de ofertas para adquirir Bausch sería realizada este mismo mes y el montante de la transacción podría alcanzar los 10.000 millones de dólares.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> Sea quién sea la empresa que se haga con Bausch, estaríamos hablando de la creación de un gigante dentro del sector de la oftalmología, ya que a los activos de esas empresas <strong>la operación aportaría los efectivos, carteras de productos y cifra de negocio de Bausch</strong>, es decir: 11.000 empleados y una cifra de negocio de 2.700 millones de euros repartida de la siguiente manera: contactología (42%), cirugía (18%) y farmacia (40%).</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"> fuente: <a href="http://www.longitudeonda.com/index.php/esta-bausch-lomb-en-venta/" target="_blank">aquí </a></div> </div>

¿Esta Bausch + Lomb en venta?

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación Pues parece ser que si, o al menos eso es lo que se desprende del anál...

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Meditar acelera la velocidad de procesamiento del cerebro

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxyeXpjOr2BQoibDJL5ZGf_XUl22-p7ZiJXiupCWDVHB3n_zzq2fBjcFpoHXrB04AVtpySfk6OuPGBzeIM6_qT_qmKUH3pFCaZIDVrLSwhDAjOQcZsTPKON4j6LkfVhLxoXwDPiKsRTs8/s1600/1234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxyeXpjOr2BQoibDJL5ZGf_XUl22-p7ZiJXiupCWDVHB3n_zzq2fBjcFpoHXrB04AVtpySfk6OuPGBzeIM6_qT_qmKUH3pFCaZIDVrLSwhDAjOQcZsTPKON4j6LkfVhLxoXwDPiKsRTs8/s640/1234.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">La meditación acelera la velocidad de procesamiento del cerebro al promover la girificación, </strong>es decir la cantidad de pliegues que se encuentran en la corteza cerebral.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">La girificación</strong> es el proceso por el cual la superficie del cerebro sufre cambios para crear surcos estrechos que se pliegan y que se conocen como circunvoluciones. Su formación tiene por fin promover y mejorar el procesamiento neuronal.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> A dichas conclusiones llegó una investigación conducida por Eileen Luders, neurólogo de la Universidad de California. El experto explica que <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">una mayor girificación permite que el cerebro procese la información con mayor velocidad.</strong></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> Para analizar el efecto de esta disciplina en la girificación cerebral, los <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">investigadores tomaron imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional </strong>de 50 personas que meditaban y de 50 que no lo hacían. Sus conclusiones fueron publicadas en la revista Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> Investigaciones previas encontraron que <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">la meditación aumenta el tamaño del cerebro y mejora la conexión entre las neuronas.</strong></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> ″No queríamos simplemente comparar a los individuos que meditan y los que no. Buscamos observar si <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hay una relación entre el tiempo de meditación de una persona y los cambios que genera en el cerebro. </strong>Es decir, si el número de años de práctica se relaciona con el nivel de pliegues en la corteza cerebral″.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> Luders observó importantes cambios en la girificación de varias regiones de la corteza cerebral, y subraya que <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cuantos más años llevaban de meditación los voluntarios mayores eran las modificaciones</strong> observadas en su cerebro, informó neomundo.com.ar.</div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> El experto subraya los cambios observados en la corteza insular. ″Se cree que la corteza insular funciona como un núcleo de integración autonómica, afectiva y cognitiva. Las personas que meditan son expertas en la introspección y conciencia así como el control emocional y la auto-regulación, por lo cual los hallazgos de la investigación tienen sentido. <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cuanto más tiempo lleva una persona meditando, mayor es el nivel de pliegues en la corteza insular″.</strong></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial; font: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> Luders también recalca que la relación entre el tiempo de meditación y <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">el nivel de girificación muestra la capacidad del cerebro de modificarse y de adaptarse a los cambios ambientales.</strong></div> </div>

Meditar acelera la velocidad de procesamiento del cerebro

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación La meditación acelera la velocidad de procesamiento del cerebro al pro...

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BOLIVIA - 4° ENCUENTRO SUDAMERICANO DE OPTICA, OPTOMETRIA y LENTES DE CONTACTO

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDp7tJOuOWkMC3s5MB7nJcrr2mFS71N7A5siX9AB2Z1wNnDkxEIfIsy9LOBxE6orFZTqfyYQDv6tXJamJXLaAxvjLDVxn4V4y-uWI03u22gOdjeTSUlFm7Ri7wUqNGLcK8pFjbFQzj3CM/s1600/1234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDp7tJOuOWkMC3s5MB7nJcrr2mFS71N7A5siX9AB2Z1wNnDkxEIfIsy9LOBxE6orFZTqfyYQDv6tXJamJXLaAxvjLDVxn4V4y-uWI03u22gOdjeTSUlFm7Ri7wUqNGLcK8pFjbFQzj3CM/s1600/1234.jpg" /></a></div> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Conferencistas Confirmados hasta la fecha:</b></span></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Guillermo (PERU)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Daniela Garese (URUGUAY)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Sergio Mario Garcia (COLOMBIA)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Sergey Cusato Jr. (BRASIL)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Jairo Garcia Touchie (COLOMBIA)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Dr. Edward Carmona (VENEZUELA)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Paula López - Empresa Xcel</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Dra. Liza Creamer (USA / BRASIL)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Cesar Melendez (BOLIVIA)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Claudia Padilla (BOLIVIA)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Gabriela Arrizabalaga (ARGENTINA)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;">Adolfo Arar (PARAGUAY)</span></span><br /> <br /></div>

BOLIVIA - 4° ENCUENTRO SUDAMERICANO DE OPTICA, OPTOMETRIA y LENTES DE CONTACTO

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación Conferencistas Confirmados hasta la fecha: Guillermo (PERU) Daniela Garese...

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OFTALMOSALUD INVERTIRÁ EN APERTURA DE CUATRO NUEVOS LOCALES

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEZemavpgAw5e9mipAHqaCtADUIXy-K78FcrMjRCjwK8vc_Awtqh09nk8cCxdFRxp1sETfeWqFWEoCC2A35E2AJc6xLIWWu6SDEbt8CcgERPNSsz-Tg-8IhQ6M8RVexzH9GmmlpllsCM/s1600/OFTALMOSALUD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEZemavpgAw5e9mipAHqaCtADUIXy-K78FcrMjRCjwK8vc_Awtqh09nk8cCxdFRxp1sETfeWqFWEoCC2A35E2AJc6xLIWWu6SDEbt8CcgERPNSsz-Tg-8IhQ6M8RVexzH9GmmlpllsCM/s640/OFTALMOSALUD.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 24.5px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>RED DE CLÍNICAS OFTALMOLÓGICAS CERRÓ EL AÑO PASADO CON UNA FACTURACIÓN DE S/.21,6 MILLONES.</b></span></span><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="line-height: 24.5px;">MIENTRAS TANTO LA MAYORÍA DE ÓPTICAS SUBSISTEN AL MERCADO  ¿ POR QUE SERA ?</span></b></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; line-height: 24.5px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">En los últimos años, el mercado de salud viene creciendo con mucha fuerza, y Oftalmosalud no se quiere quedar atrás.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; line-height: 24.5px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">La red de clínicas oftalmológicas de la familia Izquierdo invirtió el año pasado S/.10 millones en la compra de equipos, remodelación de su sede en Javier Prado y la adquisición de un terreno en Los Olivos y un local en Surco.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; line-height: 24.5px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pero la compañía quiere crecer más. Fernando Izquierdo, su director ejecutivo, cuenta que este año, además de los locales de Los Olivos (diciembre) y Surco (enero), abrirán sedes en San Juan de Miraflores y Tacna.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #505050; line-height: 24.5px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </div> <div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">El ejecutivo refiere que mientras que con los tres primeros locales esperan satisfacer la creciente demanda en la capital, con el cuarto esperan atraer a más pacientes chilenos, los cuales actualmente acuden a su local en Arequipa.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Para el 2014 ya tienen contemplado abrir un local en Tarapoto. Con esta sede, Oftalmosalud contaría con 8 establecimientos.</span></div> <div style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">El año pasado la compañía registró una facturación de S/.21,6 millones, 20% más que lo obtenido en el 2011. Para este año, esperan superar esta cifra y lograr un avance del 22%.</span></div> <br /></div>

OFTALMOSALUD INVERTIRÁ EN APERTURA DE CUATRO NUEVOS LOCALES

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación RED DE CLÍNICAS OFTALMOLÓGICAS CERRÓ EL AÑO PASADO CON UNA FACTURACIÓN DE...

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Pulseras contra la radiación UV

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/108699105466933039453" target="_blank">+Evelyn Perez</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/103111989323916399875" target="_blank">+John Alexander Cerón Fernández</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/114768470207510669985" target="_blank">+Vicente Alvaro Honda Charcape</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/105241032776503582611" target="_blank">+Andreita Chinita Sifuentes</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/113882866870876585227" target="_blank">+Marcelo Buendia</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/104107665664196524021" target="_blank">+Dina Ccallata</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/106263240673843011204" target="_blank">+Carlos Mariategui</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/113311659513211782562" target="_blank">+Unicosusa Unicos</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/114680856564633513388" target="_blank">+dakir21@yahoo.com</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/102426114947953232388" target="_blank">+Marisol Flores</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/108374901327668420902" target="_blank">+Jehu Inga Ortega</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/112021350532102240123" target="_blank">+Severo Sánchez</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3847540156974127949" target="_blank">+massiel_ratona@hotmail.com</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/103046673316304302424" target="_blank">+jorge florez</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/101833188041785497171" target="_blank">+Laidy Huaynate</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/112405276347939656381" target="_blank">+Johnny Huayhua</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/116849300132311675204" target="_blank">+Gustavo Paredes</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/100166710236264306368" target="_blank">+Edgar Hidalgo</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/117407003066757286959" target="_blank">+Pilar Hurtado</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/101269900739596196064" target="_blank">+Jorge Reyes</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/106894508342134114882" target="_blank">+yo roberto</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/102678790935645179961" target="_blank">+Facundo Bahamonde</a> <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/101559403343628624128" target="_blank">+carlos collazos</a><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYY0JFlGgggeSP66cje5L8mapUAP8KzS6Ugi7M1T74NdCi3j-5iCr_OpnvZQzA8yhCO3tzxLKOC8aX_xnztu8Lswk5eCH3jsGqa63NFkLAj3ltIO3lUk1Azit9eqScktQBYCb1UGQordI/s1600/1234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYY0JFlGgggeSP66cje5L8mapUAP8KzS6Ugi7M1T74NdCi3j-5iCr_OpnvZQzA8yhCO3tzxLKOC8aX_xnztu8Lswk5eCH3jsGqa63NFkLAj3ltIO3lUk1Azit9eqScktQBYCb1UGQordI/s640/1234.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Las pulseras <span class="color">UV</span><span class="Estilo1" style="color: black;">Sun</span><span class="color">Sense™</span> o Lorenzitas han sido diseñadas para utilizarse conjuntamente con una crema de protección solar con un SPF 15 o mayor, para alertar al usuario de una posible exposición solar excesiva.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> Lorenzitas nos permite saber en todo momento si estamos protegidos contra el sol. Tienen 4 etapas de color que nos indican que hacer según cada uno de los colores</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> Cuando la pulsera se quita del paquete es anaranjada, pasando a ser púrpura cuando se ha expuesto al sol y se le ha echado crema, lo que indica que se ha activado. Si se pone marrón debe de reaplicarse crema y si se pone de un color salmón indica una exposición excesiva, con lo cual debería dejar de tomar el sol.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> El color salmón implica que se ha llegado al límite de radiación ultravioleta recomendable, seguir tomando el sol a partir de este momento podría llevar a sufrir quemaduras solares</div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> Las pulseras<span class="color">UV</span><span class="Estilo1" style="color: black;">Sun</span><span class="color">Sense™</span> son un indicador para ayudar a la gente a evitar la sobre exposición a la radiación ultravioleta del sol</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> Las pulseras<span class="color"> UV</span><span class="Estilo1" style="color: black;">Sun</span><span class="color">Sense™</span> le alertan cuando debe reaplicarse la crema con protección solar y cuando retirarse del sol con un cambio de color</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> Las pulseras <span class="color">UV</span><span class="Estilo1" style="color: black;">Sun</span><span class="color">Sense™</span> están calibradas para medir la radiación ultravioleta presente en la luz del sol</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> Con las pulseras<span class="color"> UV</span><span class="Estilo1" style="color: black;">Sun</span><span class="color">Sense™</span> usted puede vigilar de una manera sencilla la exposición a los rayos UV. [ leer mas ]</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> Las pulseras <span class="color">UV</span><span class="Estilo1" style="color: black;">Sun</span><span class="color">Sense™</span> han sido diseñadas para utilizarse conjuntamente con una crema de protección solar con un SPF 15 o mayor para alertar al usuario de una posible exposición solar excesiva.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">visita la pagina web <a href="http://www.queelsolnotequeme.com/index.html" target="_blank">aquí</a></span></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #837669; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="266" mozallowfullscreen="mozallowfullscreen" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0ZOb0bARRhE?feature=player_embedded" webkitallowfullscreen="webkitallowfullscreen" width="320"></iframe></div> <div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div>

Pulseras contra la radiación UV

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación +Evelyn Perez   +John Alexander Cerón Fernández   +Vicente Alvaro Honda Charc...

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Más de 3 mil casos de conjuntivitis que se presentarán este verano

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3B_x2h8VuewyQ4epPshxLkXDuIxlXO2AfOM4XXkbKk39Cmtma_Om3VFc7NIV0IBOB8Wbl18-PPruXcKmoCyAFE-_Ovwt9ZAXk5CsyAR6e8GJxCFIogTh7JPF37BW9nR2w8OsjIKHDQRM/s1600/123.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3B_x2h8VuewyQ4epPshxLkXDuIxlXO2AfOM4XXkbKk39Cmtma_Om3VFc7NIV0IBOB8Wbl18-PPruXcKmoCyAFE-_Ovwt9ZAXk5CsyAR6e8GJxCFIogTh7JPF37BW9nR2w8OsjIKHDQRM/s1600/123.jpg" /> </a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <strong>Más de 3,000 casos de conjuntivitis se espera que se presenten en Lima y Callao, durante los meses de verano</strong>, a causa de las infecciones que se contraigan en las playas y piscinas, estimó la directora general del Instituto Nacional de Oftalmología (INO), Berta Campos.<br /> Durante el lanzamiento de la campaña Piscina Saludable, en el Campo de Marte, Campos precisó que <strong>estos casos se presentan principalmente en personas entre los 20 y 60 años de edad</strong>, así como en niños menores de 4 años.<br /> La especialista remarcó la necesidad de utilizar lentes de protección al momento de meterse en las piscinas o en el mar a fin de proteger los ojos de cualquier agente infeccioso.<br /> “Es muy importante porque nosotros debemos proteger los ojos de posibles casos de infección y también los casos de irritación, especialmente los pacientes que son portadores de la famosa carnosidad en los ojos”, expresó.<br /> <strong>Recomendó a las personas prevenir cualquier problema de infección en los ojos mediante el lavado de manos y cara al menos veces al día con agua y jabón</strong>, sobre todo en esta época de calor.<br /> Asimismo, sugirió a las mujeres hacerse un minucioso lavado de la zona alrededor de los ojos antes de colocarse pestañas postizas, para evitar la aparición de infecciones.<br /> “Verter 5 gotas de champú de niño en medio vaso de agua, y con una gasa friccionar los párpados, especialmente en la parte donde se va a insertar las pestañas. Repetir 3 veces y luego se enjuaga”, explicó Campos.<br /> <strong>Andina</strong><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <br /></div>

Más de 3 mil casos de conjuntivitis que se presentarán este verano

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación   Más de 3,000 casos de conjuntivitis se espera que se presenten en Lim...

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5 Conferencia Internacional en Optometría y Contactología OC13 Valencia 9 y 10 Marzo 2013

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZiOSa7aVlT7drA5HZpsj0rtd3mXhbkV2wwqwInA6t-zzRazXKP5ipreNdBQATVr1JGH1hyphenhyphenkkQ3Bnb2uM6aa6L_3yt5cRn6zMIxcz1P4rlFW0HwCfWwlrmxFKzOMt7T0fiBU6cY6q58RI/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZiOSa7aVlT7drA5HZpsj0rtd3mXhbkV2wwqwInA6t-zzRazXKP5ipreNdBQATVr1JGH1hyphenhyphenkkQ3Bnb2uM6aa6L_3yt5cRn6zMIxcz1P4rlFW0HwCfWwlrmxFKzOMt7T0fiBU6cY6q58RI/s1600/1.png" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHt_dX-eend6dM0YuB44018cG1q7DRM_nFqTRdTuJo0hIOQnKJI2qbj30b_Jut_rEXLVTcxK9_6CunJXizSP6Zq-9fDmHR9ZHatDc5x1-WXHTIqq6LfzIvKPEUm964bm-edQvKJu2eMCI/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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5 Conferencia Internacional en Optometría y Contactología OC13 Valencia 9 y 10 Marzo 2013

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INO RECOMIENDA UTILIZAR LENTES PARA SOL CON PROTECCIÓN UV PARA EVITAR DAÑOS A LA VISTA

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7IXperE-V9Ihlm5P5U1aIqDR3sVDPsVDGQ37a5mM4jZBwfrYsyEin9L1U5USO3AqyUfiD1Y6yib27vcihSFo9eKwYFfGlxcJ55gWrgD84pWb2DlOPZYMxik0wPMATY8IlraiO6_fhq4/s1600/Ino.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7IXperE-V9Ihlm5P5U1aIqDR3sVDPsVDGQ37a5mM4jZBwfrYsyEin9L1U5USO3AqyUfiD1Y6yib27vcihSFo9eKwYFfGlxcJ55gWrgD84pWb2DlOPZYMxik0wPMATY8IlraiO6_fhq4/s400/Ino.JPG" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> La Doctora Betty Campos Dávila, Directora General del Instituto Nacional de Oftalmología (INO) </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> advirtió sobre los peligros de exponerse excesivamente y sin protección a los rayos ultravioletas pues </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> generan serios daños oculares, por lo que recomendó el uso de lentes con protección para rayos </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> ultravioleta (UV).   </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> La Directora del INO indicó que una mala elección de los lentes puede provocar fotofobia o molestias </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> provocadas por la luz, así como la pérdida de la capacidad de adaptación a los cambios bruscos de </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> iluminación.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Otro grave problema que podría conllevar el no usar lentes con filtros UV es el desarrollo de cataratas </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> (pérdida de transparencia del cristalino que permite la adaptación visual del ojo a diferentes </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> distancias), así como pterigión (carnosidad ocular), cáncer de párpados, degeneraciones maculares y </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> alteraciones celulares cancerígenas en la córnea y la conjuntiva (membrana fina y transparente que </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> reviste la superficie interna de los párpados y parte del ojo). </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Ante la necesidad de utilizar anteojos, Campos Dávila indicó que lo primero que deben hacer las </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> personas es acudir al oftalmólogo para realizarse una evaluación completa y recibir una orientación </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> sobre el diagnóstico y el adecuado uso de las gafas, los cuales deben ajustarse a las necesidades </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> personalizadas de cada paciente. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Tras destacar que los rayos ultravioletas son invisibles y tienen una mayor intensidad entre las 11 de </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> la mañana y las 2 de la tarde, señaló que los lentes deben ser adquiridos en ópticas que ofrezcan </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> garantía y seguridad así como evitar comprarlos en puntos de venta callejeros. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Del mismo modo recomendó que al adquirir gafas de sol es vital comprender que el color oscuro de </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> lentes no es el único responsable de proveer protección. Explicó que la pupila disminuye y aumenta </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> su tamaño como mecanismo regulador de entrada de la luz y si las gafas son oscuras y sin filtros, </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> reducen la intensidad de luz visible pero no impiden el paso de los rayos del sol invisible y nocivo, lo </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> cual “engaña” a los ojos y lo deja más expuesto. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Asimismo pidió a las personas asegurarse que los lentes de sol no impidan la buena visibilidad, ya </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> que un lente muy oscuro puede interferir con la agudeza visual hasta afectar el desempeño del </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> usuario en actividades cotidianas y de cuidado como por ejemplo conducir vehículos. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Cualquier coordinación adicional con el Lic. Miguel Quevedo Saavedra o el Lic. Róbinson Galarza </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Acosta de la Oficina de Relaciones Públicas del INO al  202-8365, 9877-31924 ó 994602735 </div> </div>

INO RECOMIENDA UTILIZAR LENTES PARA SOL CON PROTECCIÓN UV PARA EVITAR DAÑOS A LA VISTA

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación La Doctora Betty Campos Dávila, Directora General del Instituto Nacion...

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Japoneses crean gafas que hacen irreconocibles a las personas

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_yxM9QKhpcB6g9M3xsm7FR00ieWbap99GphQsKU_2q1IH9RTE80goTNTxRXx5N_5tyu47THLrwI2Y8mVxe7DIMc7VQnudK6UyT9SAnmJIEmdsAIcFXJOm0Vd-r0Vy7AnW1YAVmXeC6Ww/s1600/123.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_yxM9QKhpcB6g9M3xsm7FR00ieWbap99GphQsKU_2q1IH9RTE80goTNTxRXx5N_5tyu47THLrwI2Y8mVxe7DIMc7VQnudK6UyT9SAnmJIEmdsAIcFXJOm0Vd-r0Vy7AnW1YAVmXeC6Ww/s640/123.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 15px;"><b>I</b>ncorpora una fuente de luz en el infrarrojo cercano que afecta solo a la cámara y no a la visión de las personas.</span><br /> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">Investigadores japoneses crearon unas gafas capaces de proteger la identidad de quien las lleve puestas. Incorpora una fuente de luz en el infrarrojo cercano que afecta solo a la cámara y no a la visión de las personas.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">Este invento estuvo a cargo del Instituto Nacional de Informática (NII) del país nipón y hace que la persona que los utiliza aparezca irreconocible las imágenes grabadas o fotografías.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">Las áreas alrededor de los ojos y la nariz quedan difuminadas, y ello se debe a que el visor de privacidad crea un deslumbramiento utilizando once luces LED infrarrojas, que no son visibles para el ojo humano pero sí a las cámaras digitales. </span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">El prototipo va conectado a un cable y una batería que el usuario lleva en el bolsillo, refiereABC.es.</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;">Según los científicos, este dispositivo permite proteger la privacidad de las personas, tantas veces vulnerada con la opción de las terminales portátiles con cámaras incorporadas. Sin embargo, sus detractores advierten que de caer en manos equivocadas podría ser de gran ayuda para quienes cometen actos delincuenciales. </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #dddddd; color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: #dddddd; color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: #dddddd; color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span></div>

Japoneses crean gafas que hacen irreconocibles a las personas

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación I ncorpora una fuente de luz en el infrarrojo cercano que afecta solo a l...

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Fácil y rápido: aprenda a usar el dinero electrónico para tu optica

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq3w_FfM7DFr7OsffDsFkWadiG4GBY3GLP8RaxV3kkIFNrZoy3uE0wAJB6hyphenhyphen5lzeFS3EW2yXM0Jtx5hr_09rUjPkKQVHjZuCBCswFv2h5aPyoGCj5rgO0uICqrhuWzjsJ9ojTR8fTIM1k/s1600/recargaycompra1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq3w_FfM7DFr7OsffDsFkWadiG4GBY3GLP8RaxV3kkIFNrZoy3uE0wAJB6hyphenhyphen5lzeFS3EW2yXM0Jtx5hr_09rUjPkKQVHjZuCBCswFv2h5aPyoGCj5rgO0uICqrhuWzjsJ9ojTR8fTIM1k/s640/recargaycompra1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> El monto máximo de dinero electrónico a recargar por mes es de S/.3.700 y se podrá efectuar desde cualquier agente autorizado </div>

Fácil y rápido: aprenda a usar el dinero electrónico para tu optica

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación El monto máximo de dinero electrónico a recargar por mes es de S/.3.700 y...

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¿CÓMO DETERMINAR SI iritis es idiopática o la consecuencia de una enfermedad sistémica subyacente?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5tNG0kzglEG7F9NdvzP01r-1eiredqXpEEO4GK6KVHoqILl0nmdWcI59GnpqsgPaQfoqe7gIRflOfYumnryoJ229hBe9kwbgGC-hIBd4N7UX5B1cF4RCk9P590m7niHYaQQaqb7qdMVY/s1600/pearl127_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5tNG0kzglEG7F9NdvzP01r-1eiredqXpEEO4GK6KVHoqILl0nmdWcI59GnpqsgPaQfoqe7gIRflOfYumnryoJ229hBe9kwbgGC-hIBd4N7UX5B1cF4RCk9P590m7niHYaQQaqb7qdMVY/s640/pearl127_lg.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 13px;"></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several clinical findings can help establish whether an iritis is associated with systemic disease. One key observation, however, is a bilateral presentation. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In every case of iritis, check the anterior surface of the contralateral eye's lens. If you note any signs of pigment, an iritis likely occurred in the fellow eye. Iris pigment may adhere to the lens' anterior surface (as in the case of posterior synechiae) and may leave nothing more than a few colored patches after treatment. These pigment flecks may serve as your only clinical evidence of bilateral involvement. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And remember, any hint of bilateral iritis warrants a systemic disease work-up.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 13px;">Varios hallazgos clínicos pueden ayudar a determinar si una iritis se asocia con enfermedad sistémica. Una observación clave, sin embargo, es una presentación bilateral . En todos los casos de iritis, revise si la superficie anterior del cristalino del ojo contralateral . Si usted nota cualquier signo de pigmento, una iritis probablemente ocurrió en el otro ojo. Pigmento del iris puede adherirse a la superficie anterior de la lente (como en el caso de sinequia posterior) y puede dejar nada más que unas pocas manchas de color después del tratamiento. Estas manchas de pigmentación pueden servir como su única evidencia clínica de afectación bilateral. Y recuerde, cualquier atisbo de órdenes de iritis bilaterales una enfermedad sistémica trabajar-up. </span></span></div> </div>

¿CÓMO DETERMINAR SI iritis es idiopática o la consecuencia de una enfermedad sistémica subyacente?

Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación Several clinical findings can help establish whether an iritis is asso...

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¿Estamos ganando terreno sobre la infección ocular?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Visualización optima 1600x900 pixel Comenta.esta.publicación<br /> Para Publicaciones en otros idiomas te invitamos a utilizar el traductor incorporado en infolentes<br /> <br /> <br /> <h5 style="background-color: #fefefd; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="">Las fluoroquinolonas tópicas de nueva generación son algunos de los antibióticos más eficaces que he visto nunca. </span>Pero, aumento de la resistencia bactericida sigue siendo una preocupación.</span></h5> <span style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Por Elizabeth D. Muckley, OD 12/17/2012</span><br /> <span style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="background: #FEFEFD; color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Sin embargo, todas las fluoroquinolonas de nueva generación se utilizan fuera de las indicaciones para numerosas condiciones de queratitis ulcerativa en la prevención de infecciones en la atención pre-y post-quirúrgicos.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mirando hacia atrás en los últimos 20 años, debemos preguntarnos si estos medicamentos están cumpliendo con su promesa y lo que será el futuro de la gestión de la infección ocular y la prevención como aspecto?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>En cualquier caso, nuestra mayor preocupación en el futuro es el desarrollo de nuevos patrones de resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas tópicas.<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="background: #FEFEFD; color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span class="apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgXrk1he8uc_HPWIfpt_Dd-oLpW8JdYerN1oXPQt2U4mI5_p6G_94TgisApCPZzrguOCRT0gMYF6QCvY-UaazcE0XvKVsTcXGgj12pPNMTqLJodPdoJorciLk7mMqe30tMCaFftFV-ro/s1600/038_ro1212_f2-1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKgXrk1he8uc_HPWIfpt_Dd-oLpW8JdYerN1oXPQt2U4mI5_p6G_94TgisApCPZzrguOCRT0gMYF6QCvY-UaazcE0XvKVsTcXGgj12pPNMTqLJodPdoJorciLk7mMqe30tMCaFftFV-ro/s400/038_ro1212_f2-1.gif" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;">Este paciente se presentó con un pronunciado <em>Pseudomonas</em> úlcera. ¿Cuál es la estrategia de tratamiento más eficaz?</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><br /></strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: #FEFEFD; color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Sin embargo, todas las fluoroquinolonas de nueva generación se utilizan fuera de las indicaciones para numerosas condiciones de queratitis ulcerativa en la prevención de infecciones en la atención pre-y post-quirúrgicos.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mirando hacia atrás en los últimos 20 años, debemos preguntarnos si estos medicamentos están cumpliendo con su promesa y lo que será el futuro de la gestión de la infección ocular y la prevención como aspecto?<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>En cualquier caso, nuestra mayor preocupación en el futuro es el desarrollo de nuevos patrones de resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas tópicas.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: #FEFEFD; color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span class="apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: #FEFEFD; color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span class="apple-converted-space"></span></span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: brown;">Mechanism of Action</span></strong> <br style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" />Topical fluoroquinolones are antibiotic agents that block bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting the topoisomerase enzymes. Older-generation topical fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and levofloxacin) specifically target the DNA enzyme topoisomerase IV, which is more susceptible in gram-negative bacteria.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1,2</sup> However, the fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin) contain a substitution of a methoxy group at position eight of the quinolone ring, which additionally facilitates topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) inhibition in gram-positive organisms. </span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">This dual mechanism of action promotes increased bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms without sacrificing the gram-negative coverage provided by older-generation fluoroquinolones.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</sup> Most importantly, targeting both topoisomerase II and IV likely reduces resistance because concomitant mutations in both genes are much less likely to occur than a single mutation in one gene.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4,5</sup> </span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: brown;">Drug Penetration and Tissue Concentration</span></strong> <br style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" />For topical fluoroquinolones to be effective in the treatment of ocular infections, they must exhibit satisfactory minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) scores, high penetration rates into ocular tissues/aqueous and broad susceptibility profiles, as well as posess the ability to thwart resistance. </span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">The MIC is defined as the lowest possible concentration of an antibiotic that is able to prevent overnight micro-organism growth in a tissue culture. Typically, MIC90 (the MIC score required to inhibit bacterial growth in at least 90% of targeted strains) is the standard measure of bactericidal efficacy for topical anti-infective agents. Note that the lower the MIC90 value, the more potent the agent is against a given isolate.</span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">The ocular surface poses a challenge to drug administration and pharmacokinetics. Tears act as a drug-delivery barrier, effectively diluting the agent and facilitating drainage via the nasolacrimal system upon rapid blinking following instillation.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6</sup> Therefore, MIC scores derived from in vitro laboratory testing may not accurately reflect on-eye MIC values. Delivering the drug to the target tissue, as well as remaining there long enough to be effective in vivo, is of equal importance. Compared to their systemic counterparts, topical antibiotics often must be dosed at higher concentrations to increase drug penetration and sustain effective therapeutic levels. </span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">The fourth-generation fluoroquinolones offer the best penetration profile; in particular, moxifloxacin and 1.5% levofloxacin fared well in corneal penetration studies.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7-9, 15-18</sup></span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></sup></span></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <table bgcolor="#F0C2CC" bordercolor="" cellpadding="" cellspacing="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 12px; height: 444px; margin: 10px; text-align: center; width: 494px;"><tbody> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Commonly Prescribed Topical Fluoroquinolones</strong></span> </td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Generic Name</span></em></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Brand Name and Approval Date</span></em></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Manufacturer</span></em></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Classification</span></em></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="middle"><em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Indication</span></em></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.3% Ciprofloxacin</span></td><td style="padding: 3px;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Ciloxan, </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">December 1990</span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Alcon, generic </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">2nd Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.3% Ofloxacin </span></td><td style="padding: 3px;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Ocuflox, </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">July 1993  </span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Allergan, generic </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">2nd Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.5% Levofloxacin </span></td><td style="padding: 3px;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Quixin, </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">August 2000</span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Vistakon</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">3rd Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.3% Gatifloxacin</span></td><td style="padding: 3px;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Zymar, </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">March 2003  </span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Allergan </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">4th Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.5% Moxifloxacin</span></td><td style="padding: 3px;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Vigamox, </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">April 2003  </span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Alcon</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">4th Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">1.5% Levofloxacin </span></td><td style="padding: 3px;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Iquix,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">March 2004</span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Vistakon</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">3rd Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Corneal Ulcers</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.6% Besifloxacin</span></td><td style="padding: 3px;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Besivance,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">May 2009 </span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bausch + Lomb</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Novel (no systemic equivalent)</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.5% Gatifloxacin</span></td><td style="padding: 3px;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Zymaxid,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent;">May 2010</span></div> </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Allergan</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">4th Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">0.5% Moxifloxacin</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Moxeza,<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span>November 2010 </span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Alcon</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">4th Generation</span></td><td style="padding: 3px; text-align: center;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bacterial Conjunctivitis</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <strong style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333;"><span style="color: brown; font-size: small;">Drug Enhancements</span></strong></div> <div style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; font-family: Arial;">In an effort to amplify antibiotic concentration on the ocular surface and improve penetration, many ocular pharmaceutical companies developed enhanced or reformulated versions of existing fluoroquinolones during the last eight years. For example, Vistakon released Iquix in 2004, which contained more than double the concentration of levofloxacin in Quixin.</span><sup style="color: #333333;">10</sup><span style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; font-family: Arial;">Also, in May 2010, Allergan brought Zymaxid to the market, which contained 0.2% more gatifloxacin than Zymar.</span><sup style="color: #333333;">11 </sup></div> <div style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 12px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">Then, in November 2010, Alcon released Moxeza as a successor to Vigamox. In this instance, the concentration of moxifloxacin was not increased. Instead, the company reformulated Vigamox with a new delivery vehicle, xanthan gum. In clinical trials, the xanthan gum facilitated increased corneal penetration of moxifloxacin. Most significantly, the increased drug penetration of Moxeza permitted b.i.d. dosing vs. t.i.d. dosing for Vigamox.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">12</sup></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">Bausch + Lomb’s release of Besivance (besifloxacin) in 2009 was a significant development in ocular antibiotics. Besifloxacin was developed for the sole purpose of ophthalmic use, and has no systemic counterpart.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">13</sup> This unique aspect could potentially help minimize resistance to the drug over the long term. The drug features a unique chlorine group located at position eight of the quinolone ring, as well as an aminoazepinyl component at the C-7 location, which may enhance activity against gram-positive bacteria.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">14</sup> </span></div> <div style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">Additionally, Besivance uses the DuraSite vehicle (InSite Vision), which prolongs the drug’s contact time on the ocular surface and enhances corneal penetration. Finally, it is important to note that Besivance just received an additional FDA indication for the treatment of conjunctivitis associated with <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> in September 2012.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 12px;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <strong><span style="color: brown;">The Effect of BAK </span></strong></div> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> For many years, researchers have debated the potential benefits and limitations of the preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAK) in topical antibiotics. In topical medications that are commonly used long-term, such as glaucoma agents, the presence of BAK has been shown to cause ocular surface inflammation and corneal damage.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">15</sup>However, it has been suggested that, because BAK disrupts the ocular surface, it actually may enhance corneal penetration of the drug. Furthermore, BAK has been shown to increase epithelial permeability and trans-scleral drug delivery.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">16</sup> Currently, Vigamox, Moxeza and Iquix are the few topical fluoroquinolones that do not contain BAK.</div> </span><br /> <div style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">Interestingly, some studies indicated that BAK-preserved Zymar is more effective at targeting methicillin-resistant<em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) than BAK-free Vigamox in vitro.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">17</sup> Other in vitro research suggested that, while BAK may enhance an antibiotic’s effect, it is cleared by the tears rapidly.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">18</sup> More specifically, the study author noted that the concentration of BAK in the tears is undetectable five minutes after installation.18</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fefefd; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: -webkit-left;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <strong><span style="color: brown;">Bactericidal Resistance</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div> <span style="font-family: Arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> In addition to corneal penetration, pharmacodynamics (e.g., kill rates, resistance patterns and susceptibility profiles) is another crucial aspect of topical fluoroquinolones. Studies suggest that MICs for fourth-generation fluoroquinolones are lower (better) than second-generation fluoroquinolones for all gram-positive organisms.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">19,20</sup>The MIC90 for ciprofloxacin was lower in gram-negative bacteria compared to the newer-generation fluoroquinolones, and was the most effective against <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pseudomonas</em> among all topical fluoroquinolones tested.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">19,20</sup> </div> </span><br /> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">Bactericidal resistance is a result of many factors, including overprescribing and negligent prescribing of antibiotics (e.g., errant use of antibiotics for a viral condition), improper dosing (including patient non-compliance), and widespread use of antibiotics in the livestock industry. Infection by drug-resistant organisms such as MRSA and methicillin-resistant <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> (MRSE) is a growing concern in the ophthalmic community. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1.5% of the population (4 million Americans) are MRSA carriers.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">21</sup> Patients in nursing care facilities, health care workers, and those who live in communities where skin-to-skin contact is prevalent are at higher risk for MRSA infections.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">21</sup></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">The Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) study was designed to monitor antibiotic susceptibility trends in ocular isolates.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">22</sup> The results indicated that 39% of <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S. aureus</em> ocular isolates were methicillin resistant and 38% were fluoroquinolone resistant. Among the coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates sampled from ocular infections, 53% were methicillin resistant and 43% were fluoroquinolone resistant.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">22</sup> This is similar to the original data collected by The Surveillance Network (TSN) from 2001 to 2006, which revealed multidrug-resistant MRSA in ocular isolates.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">23</sup> Of interest, TSN researchers noted that trimethoprim was the most effective agent against MRSA.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">23 </sup></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">Currently, the Ocular Tracking Resistance in the United States Today (TRUST) program is the largest annual, longitudinal, nationwide surveillance of antibiotic resistance. Since the program’s launch in 2005, Ocular TRUST researchers have evaluated the in vitro susceptibility of <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Staph.</em>, <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Strep.</em>, and <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Haemophilus</em> ocular isolates to numerous antibiotics.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">24</sup> The most recent data from Ocular TRUST suggests that just 15% to 30% of MRSA isolates are susceptible to currently available topical fluoroquinolones (Besivance was not evaluated, because it was not yet FDA approved at study initiation).<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">24 </sup></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial;">The combined results from ARMOR, TSN and Ocular TRUST show that resistance to multiple antibiotics is prevalent among ocular bacterial pathogens. Again, keep in mind that in vitro resistance does not necessarily equate to in vivo resistance. Still, eye care clinicians must consider the potential danger associated with such expanding resistance patterns.</span></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: #FEFEFD; color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span class="apple-converted-space"><table align="center" bgcolor="#F0C2CC" bordercolor="" cellpadding="" cellspacing="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 10px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="padding: 3px;"><strong>Recommendations for Fluoroquinolone Use</strong></td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 3px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">• <strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Don’t underdose an active infection. </em></strong>Antibiotics with the lowest MIC values and the highest delivery concentration are best suited to eradicate ocular infections. For active infections, dose antibiotics at their recommended frequency to eliminate the bacteria quickly. The greatest risk for the development of antibiotic resistance comes from sustained sub-therapeutic dosing, which doesn’t eradicate the infection but potentially affords it time to mutate. </span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">• <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Be judicious in prophylactic use. </strong></em>When used for surgical prophylaxis, antibiotics can be discontinued sooner than in cases of active infection. A recent study found that repeated fluoroquinolone use after intravitreal injection led to increased rates of resistance.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">30</sup> So, instead of using prophylactic antibiotics, many retinal specialists now are using facemasks and iodine/aseptic techniques during injection to minimize the risks of infection. For infection prevention in cataract surgery, good wound architecture is critical. Today, with femtosecond laser-assisted surgery, wound leaks and consequent endophthalmitis risks may be less likely.</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">• <strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Avoid overprescribing. </em></strong>Improper diagnosis of red eye is a specific instance when topical antibiotics frequently are overprescribed. Too often, pediatricians, urgent care physicians and even optometrists/ophthalmologists prescribe antibiotics for conditions other than bacterial conjunctivitis, when the diagnosis is not clear. Overprescribing propagates bactericidal resistance, so exercise good clinical judgment when using an antibiotic. </span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">• <strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Choose an appropriate antibiotic. </em></strong>Consider reserving a “big gun” antibiotic, such as a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, for the most serious infectious cases. Second-generation fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides or azithromycin (Azasite, Merck) are alternative antibiotic choices for infections that are not sight threatening. Such alternatives may be effective, and choosing them could potentially limit fourth-generation antibiotic resistance. Also, review the FDA drug safety classification for children and pregnant patients. For example, Azasite may be a good choice for pregnant or nursing mothers because it is a Category B drug.</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">• <strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>When in doubt, culture.</em></strong> Smears and cultures are recommended in cases that involve a large infiltrate (>3mm); are chronic in nature or appear unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy; or that exhibit atypical clinical features indicative of fungal, amoebic or <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mycobacterium</em> keratitis. The sensitivities from cultures can help guide appropriate antibiotic selection.</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In cases of suspected bacterial keratitis, fourth-generation fluoroquinolones routinely are used off-label and are widely accepted as first-line therapy. Depending on its location and severity, microbial keratitis can be a sight-threatening condition. For central or severe keratitis, a loading dose (q15m for the first hour) followed by frequent applications (q1h around the clock) is recommended. </span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">For drug-resistant pathogens, such as MRSA or MRSE, fluoroquinolones may not prove effective. If a bacterial infection is not clinically responsive to aggressive treatment with a fluoroquinolone, suspect MRSA/MRSE. Consider treatment with fortified vancomycin, trimethoprim or sulfacetamide.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">31</sup> In these instances, be certain to obtain cultures in an effort to select the most effective antibiotic. Additional therapeutic options that may be effective against MRSA/MRSE include bacitracin ointment, cefazolin injection and oral linezolid. Concurrent use of oral rifampin and linezolid have been shown to be more effective in the treatment of preseptal cellulitis/cutaneous infections than intravenous vancomycin.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">32 </sup></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">• <strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Be wary of </em>Mycobacterium<em>. </em></strong>Regarding refractive surgery, infection rates fortunately are low. But, if an infection occurs, atypical <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mycobacterium</em> infiltrates may be of greatest concern. Although rare, <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mycobacterium</em>are found in ultrasound water baths used for instrument processing or in surgical field moisture. In any confirmed case of <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mycobacterium</em> <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">chelonae</em> infection, researchers at Johns Hopkins recommend 500mg clarithromycin b.i.d., topical tobramycin and a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">33 </sup></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">• <strong style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><em>Consider the cost. </em></strong>Because of rising medication prices, patients are sometimes forced to use generic antibiotics in lieu of branded medications. Newer-generation fluoroquinolones have the broadest antimicrobial spectrum. But, if patients cannot afford these, which generic agent is best? To date, no studies offer a real solution to this question, and practitioners are faced with the ongoing dilemma of cost vs. efficacy. </span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">However, generic trimethoprim-polymyxin B should be considered when there is a risk of MRSA. Despite being an older drug, more than 90% of MRSA isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim in vitro.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">28</sup> Also, the second-generation fluoroquinolones are cost effective, and have a broad spectrum of coverage. They are a good choice if a generic is needed. Regardless, educate patients about the potential risks associated with having to choose between the lower cost of generic medications and the therapeutic superiority of branded drugs.</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background: #FEFEFD; color: #333333; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><span class="apple-converted-space"></span></span></div> <div id="content_container" style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: -webkit-left;"> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: brown; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;">Use in Surgical Prophylaxis</span></strong></span> <br style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" />Topical antibiotics are used routinely for infection prevention in all forms of ocular surgery. The discussion about appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics is a hot topic among eye care professionals due to increased resistance patterns. Some studies have reported increased endophthalmitis rates since 2000 despite prophylactic antibiotic use.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">25</sup></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">There are several possible reasons why endophthalmitis is on the rise. For example, more surgeons perform cataract surgery using sutureless, clear corneal incisions, which are more prone to leakage. Additionally, intravitreal anti-VEGF and steroidal injections are being administered more frequently for the treatment of macular degeneration and diabetic eye disease. </span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Most cases of postoperative endophthalmitis are due to <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S. epidermidis</em>, followed by <em style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S. aureus</em>.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">26</sup> Further, epidemiologic evidence suggests that MRSA is responsible for approximately 3% of all endophthalmitis cases.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">26 </sup></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The overall rate of endophthalmitis after uncomplicated cataract surgery in patients who received prophylactic treatment with gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin was 0.07%.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">26</sup> Another study found a similar endophthalmitis rate for those who received gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin (0.056%), but a higher incidence in patients who were treated with ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (0.197%).<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">27</sup></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">These data suggest that the fourth-generation fluoroquinolones are more effective against gram-positive organisms and may be the superior choice for surgical endophthalmitis prevention. Fortunately, the risk of post-surgical infection is extremely rare. And ultimately, the low rates of endophthalmitis also make it exceedingly difficult to compare the prophylactic efficacy of different antibiotics exhaustively.</span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">During the last few years, intracameral antibiotics have been evaluated for use in ocular surgery. A recent study by the European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) showed that cefuroxime injection can reduce endophthalmitis risk in cataract surgery.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">28</sup> Further, intracameral injections have the potential to help reduce postoperative patient noncompliance/drop confusion, and could be more cost effective than topical anti-infective use. </span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">The primary barrier to wider adoption of intracameral antibiotic administration in the United States is the lack of a commercially available drug. Cefuroxime, for example, must be compounded manually, which exposes the patient to bacterial contamination and toxic anterior segment syndrome. </span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">In lieu of cefuroxime, some American cataract surgeons are using intracameral administration of moxifloxacin and vancomycin to reduce or eliminate postoperative antibiotic drops.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">29</sup> However, we must be cautious in recommending this practice––especially considering that, in the ESCRS study, patients still used levofloxacin postoperatively for one week.<sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">28</sup></span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" />Newer-generation fluoroquinolones have become the topical antibiotic of choice in the prevention and treatment of ocular infections due to their high tissue concentrations, low MIC rates and broad spectrum of coverage. Nonetheless, eye care providers must be educated about the rising rates of increased fluoroquinolone resistance in certain pathogens, including MRSA. </span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">We should make every effort to ensure an accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections to avoid unnecessary overuse of antibiotics. In cases where topical antibiotics are indicated, use them aggressively for a defined period. For infections that do not respond, perform cultures. </span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Today, we are fortunate to have several extremely effective antibiotic agents in our armamentarium. But, to prevail in the battle against ocular infection, we must use these drugs in a judicious capacity to limit further bactericidal resistance. </span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 12px;"> <em><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Dr. Muckley is the director of optometric services at Northeast Ohio Eye Surgeons in Kent and Stow, Ohio. She has no financial interest in any of the products mentioned. 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Hooper DC. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents. N Engl J Med. 1991 Feb 7;324(6):384-94.<br />2. Mah FS. Fourth-generation fluoroquinolones: New topical agents in the war on ocular bacterial infections. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004 Aug;15(4):316–320.<br />3. Blondeau JM. Comparative in vitro activity of gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin against 4151 gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000 Feb;14(1):45-50.<br />4. Strahilevitz J, Hooper DC. Dual targeting of topoisomerase IV and gyrase to reduce mutant selection: direct testing of the paradigm by using WCK-1734, a new fluoroquinolone, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 May;49(5):1949-56.<br />5. Dong Y. Fluoroquinolone action in mycobacteria: effects of C8 substitutions on bacterial growth, survival, and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Nov;42(11):2978-2984.<br />6. Gardner S. Ocular drug penetration and pharmacokinetic principles. Clinical Ophthalmic Pharmacology. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co;1987:1-52.<br />7. Holland EJ. Human ocular concentrations following topical fluoroquinolone adminstration relative to susceptibility of ocular pathogens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47: E-Abstract 1881.<br />8. Donnenfeld ED. Human aqueous humor concentrations of besifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin after topical ocular application. J Cat Refract Surg. 2011Jun;37(6):1082-89.<br />9. McCaulley JP. Fourth generation fluoroquinolones penetration into aqueous humor in humans. Ophthalmology. 2006 June;113(6):955-59.<br />10. Woodcock J, Toigo T. Iquix. New Drug Application: Clinical Review. March 1, 2004. Available at:<a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/NDA%2021-571_Iquix_AdminCorres.pdf" style="color: #003366;" target="_parent">www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/NDA%2021-571_Iquix_AdminCorres.pdf</a>. Accessed November 17, 2012.<br />11. Lloyd RA. Zymaxid. New Drug Application: Clinical Review. July 30, 2009. Available at:<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/UCM214207.pdf" style="color: #003366;" target="_parent">www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/UCM214207.pdf</a>. Accessed November 17, 2012.<br />12. Lindstrom R, Lane S, Cottingham A, et al. Conjunctival concentrations of a new ophthalmic solution formulation of moxifloxacin 0.5% in cataract surgery patients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Dec;26(6):591-5.<br />13. Murphy MD, Mathis LL. Besivance. Executive Summary: Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act Drug Use Review in the Pediatric Population. January 5, 2011. Available at:<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/PediatricAdvisoryCommittee/UCM255069.pdf" style="color: #003366;" target="_parent">www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/PediatricAdvisoryCommittee/UCM255069.pdf</a>. Accessed November 17, 2012.<br />14. Ward KW, Lepage JF, Driot JY. Nonclinical pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of BOL-303224-A, a novel fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent for topical ophthalmic use. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jun;23(3):243-56.<br />15. Noecker RJ, Herrygers LA, Anwaruddin R. Corneal and conjunctival changes caused by commonly used glaucoma medications. Cornea. 2004 Jul;23(5):490-6.<br />16. Okabe K, Kimura H, Okabe J, et al. Effect of benzalkonium chloride on transscleral drug delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Feb;46(2):703-8.<br />17. Blondeau JM, Borsos S, Hesje CK. Antimicrobial efficacy of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin with and without benzalkonium chloride compared with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Chemother. 2007 Apr;19(2):146-51.<br />18. Friedlaender MH, Breshears D, Amoozgar B, et al. The dilution of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) in the tear film. Adv Ther. 2006 Nov-Dec;23(6):835-41.<br />19. Oliveira AD, D'Azevedo PA, Francisco W. In vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against ocular bacterial isolates in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Cornea. 2007 Feb;26(2):194-8.<br />20. Kowalski RP, Yates KA, Romanowski E, et al. An ophthalmologist's guide to understanding antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration data. Ophthalmology. 2005 Nov;112(11):1987.<br />21. Gorwitz RJ. Understanding the success of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing epidemic disease in the community. J Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 15;197(2):179-82.<br />22. Haas W, Pillar CM, Torres M, et al. Monitoring antibiotic resistance in ocular microorganisms: Results from the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular micRorganisms (ARMOR) 2009 surveillance study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 Oct;152(4):567-574.e3.<br />23. Asbell PA, Sahm DF, Shaw M, et al. Increasing prevalence of methicillin resistance in serious ocular infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: 2000 to 2005. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008 May;34(5):814-8.<br />24. Asbell PA, Colby KA, Deng S. Ocular TRUST: nationwide antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in ocular isolates. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun;145(6):951-8.<br />25. Colleaux KM, Hamilton WK. Effect of prophylactic antibiotics and incision type on the incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Can J Ophthalmol. 2000 Dec;35(7):373-8.<br />26. Moshirfar M, Feiz V, Vitale AT, et al. Endophthalmitis after uncomplicated cataract surgery with the use of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones: a retrospective observational case series. Ophthalmology. 2007 Apr;114(4):686-91.<br />27. Jensen MK, Fiscella RG, Moshirfar M, Mooney B. Third- and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones: retrospective comparison of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery performed over 10 years. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008 Sep;34(9):1460-7.<br />28. Barry P, Seal DV, Gettinby G, et al. ESCRS study of prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: Preliminary report of principal results from a European multicenter study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006 Mar;32(3):407-10.<br />29. Shorstein NH, Winthrop KL, Herrinton LJ. Decreased postoperative endophthalmitis rate after institution of intracameral antibiotics in a Northern California eye department. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]<br />30. Milder E. Changes in antibiotic resistance patterns of conjunctival flora due to repeated use of topical antibiotics after intravitral injection. Ophthalmology. 2012 Jul;119(7):1420-4.<br />31. Asbell PA. Ocular TRUST 3: Ongoing Longitudinal Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Ocular Isolates. Poster presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery: April 3-8, 2009; San Francisco.<br />32. Bababeygy SR, Silva RA, Sun Y, Jain A. Rifampin and linezolid in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus preseptal cellulitis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 May-Jun;25(3):227-8.<br />33. Hoffmann CJ. Mycobacterium chelonae. Johns Hopkins Antibiotic (ABX) Guide. Available at:<a href="http://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ub/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540364/all/Mycobacterium+chelonae" style="color: #003366;" target="_parent">www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ub/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540364/all/Mycobacterium+chelonae</a>. Accessed November 17, 2012.</span> </span></div> <div style="font-size: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div> </div> <br /> </div>

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